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Master the NASM OPT Model in [year]: Your Ultimate Guide 2

The NASM OPT model is a fitness periodization system developed by the National Association for Sports Medicine (NASM). In the OPT method you take clients through five unique phases of training during the year, moving from stabilization to endurance, to hypertrophy, to strength, to power. This sequence enables you to consistently progress without stalling, overtraining or getting injured.

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Whether you’re curious what the OPT model is, studying for the NASM exam, or looking to apply it practically, this article should have everything you need. I dive into the principles, benefits, and phases of the NASM OPT model.

As a NASM-certified trainer for 12+ years, Iโ€™ve used their Optimum Performance Training Model with many clients. This is my comprehensive overview of the NASM OPT model, what it is, how itโ€™s used for different training goals, and why you might want to implement it in your coaching sessions. 

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NASM OPT Model Overview

Tyler holding up NASM OPT model textbook

The acronym “NASM OPT Model” stands for the National Academy of Sports Medicine’s Optimum Performance Training Model. This model is a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to training that focuses on optimizing an individual’s performance through a systematic progression of exercises and training techniques.

Each of the personal training certifications offers its own version of periodization, but only NASM and ACE really combine their versions of periodization into a patented system.ย 

The NASM Personal Training Certification emphasizes the OPT Model as the best way to help clients achieve their fitness goals efficiently and effectively while minimizing the risk of injury.

The OPT Model consists of five phases: stabilization endurance, strength endurance, hypertrophy, maximal strength, and power. Each phase is designed to address specific physiological adaptations and enhance overall athletic performance.

optimum performance model pyramid

When you design appropriate programs for clients, you maximize your chances of achieving goals sooner. If Iโ€™m working with a client who has certain mobility restrictions, that will change the way I program for them. Other factors include goals, levels of experience, exercise preferences, and equipment available.

Part of that programming design includes the way you use blocks of training to work on individual goals. If youโ€™re learning how to become a personal trainer, Iโ€™ve found that NASMโ€™s Optimum Performance Training model gives trainers a simple periodization format to use for training programs.

Other great programs like the ISSA CPT or NCSF personal training certification give you a standard framework for programming but NASM’s OPT method is one the easiest to apply overall.

The OPT method can be adapted to various goals and individuals. NASM’s periodization also works for clients of all levels. Iโ€™ve adapted the OPT method for clients looking for weight loss, muscle gain, increasing strength, or sports performance. Iโ€™ve also used the NASM OPT model to get them to their goals and keep them continuously improving over time without stalling.

1. Stabilization Endurance Phase

The first phase is the Stabilization Endurance phase, focusing on improving muscular stability and endurance by targeting the core and smaller stabilizing muscles. This phase helps correct muscle imbalances and prepares the body for more intense training. 

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This phase works well for beginners, people in a detrained state, or someone coming off of an intense strength/power block. You can use this phase to improve muscle imbalances, core stabilization, improve cardiorespiratory condition, correct movement technique, and prepare all body tissues for harder training.

Whether youโ€™re on your way to building a strength and conditioning coach career or a personal trainer business, you need to know how to start someone off on a program. You canโ€™t just move from no training whatsoever to 6 sets of 3 at a 90% of their one-rep max. 

In Phase 1 you use low-intensity with high repetitions. Exercises increase in intensity using proprioceptive challenges instead of adding more weight. For example, you would move from more stable surfaces to more unstable surfaces to challenge overall balance. This helps to activate and strengthen the stabilizing muscles, ultimately improving overall stability and reducing the risk of injuries. Additionally, NASM advocates for progressive overload to continually challenge the body and promote continued growth and adaptation.

The stabilization endurance training phase emphasizes mobility and flexibility, joint stabilization, body alignment, along with muscular endurance. 

The NASM CPT covers basic stretching, but the Stretching and Flexibility Coach has more detail if youโ€™re interested in becoming a master of mobility. 

During this first phase you work with clients to master basic movement patterns. This will provide numerous benefits once you start to add more weight to exercises. You never want to add strength to dysfunction, and this foundation is integral to the NASM OPT method.

Personally, Iโ€™ve found that some clients donโ€™t always need this phase, however it is a starting point if youโ€™re working with a client who needs a solid base of stability. 

2. Strength Endurance Phase

The second phase is the Strength Endurance phase, which aims to increase overall muscle strength while maintaining endurance. In this phase, exercises become more challenging with heavier weights.

NASM recommends using supersets, where you combine stable exercises with a stabilization movement directly after.

In this phase you start to increase overall volume and decrease rest periods with high reps. 

This phase can last 4 weeks.

During the NASM Strength Endurance phase, you increase the resistance load and begin to increase exercise complexity. Your client should have developed the proper coordination from these first two phases so that you can then move on to phase three: Hypertrophy.

3. Hypertrophy/Muscular Development Phase

The third phase is the Hypertrophy phase, where the primary goal is to build muscle size and volume through higher intensity and moderate repetition ranges.

Volume goes up with minimal rest periods. This phase also lasts 4 weeks before moving back to Strength Endurance, Stabilization, or on to Strength and Power. 

During the hypertrophy phase of the NASM OPT Model, the focus is on increasing muscle size and strength through higher intensity workouts. This phase typically lasts 4 weeks and involves a mix of compound exercises and isolated movements.

The NASM OPT Model aims to maximize muscular strength, power, and endurance while minimizing the risk of injury through hypertrophy training. 

Use progressive overload to increase resistance loads. A simple rule for weight progression I often use is adding 5lbs to upper body lifts and 10lbs to lower body lifts per week. 

NASM doesn’t specify percentages for weekly progression in the OPT program, but the NSCA CPT does in their textbook. You can also work off their percentage basis where you increase upper body loads on main lifts by 2.5-5% and lower body lifts by 5-10%.

4. Maximal Strength Phase

In the maximal strength phase, NASM recommends increasing the intensity in order to recruit more motor units, increase force production, and motor unit synchronization.

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This phase also lasts 4 weeks. During this phase, the focus shifts towards developing maximal strength and power through a combination of strength training exercises and explosive movements. The rest periods between sets and exercises are longer to allow for adequate recovery, while the loads used in each exercise are progressively increased to challenge the muscles and promote strength and hypertrophy. The NASM OPT Model focuses on optimizing performance through this structured approach, allowing individuals to reach their fitness goals efficiently and effectively. 

Rep ranges are lower to emphasize strength and power output.

NASM gives you more info about training for strength sports in their Performance Enhancement Specialist program. 

5. Power Phase

The power phase is the final phase in NASMโ€™s OPT model. In this block you aim to increase force production using both low intensity at high velocities, and heavy loads.  

Lighter loads are 30-45% of 1RM while heavier loads go between 85 and 100%. Medicine ball power training should be at 10%. 

This is also a 4 week block. 

During this phase of the NASM OPT Model, the focus is on developing power for explosive movements. Exercises such as medicine ball throws and plyometric drills are incorporated into the training program, with the intensity ranging between 85 and 100% of the individual’s maximum effort. The NASM OPT Model aims to optimize athletic performance and enhance overall strength and endurance by utilizing a systematic and progressive approach to training. 

NASM recommends raising overall sets and increasing rep tempo as well.

Integrated Training Concepts

Implementing the NASM OPT Model in your training routine is a great way to optimize your fitness regimen. The NASM OPT Model, which stands for Optimum Performance Training Model, is a comprehensive system that focuses on achieving specific goals through a systematic approach. To incorporate this model into your routine, start by assessing your current fitness level and identifying your goals. Then, design a program that includes all phases of the OPT Model: stabilization endurance, strength endurance, hypertrophy, maximal strength, and power. Each phase should be tailored to your individual needs and progress gradually to ensure optimal results. Remember to prioritize proper form and technique, as well as adequate rest and recovery between workouts.

The NASM OPT model is a comprehensive training system that focuses on individualized programming, progressive overload, and functional movements to help clients achieve their specific fitness goals. With its emphasis on flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, core stability, and resistance training, the NASM OPT Model provides a comprehensive approach to improving overall fitness and performance. By addressing each of these components, clients can expect to see improvements in their strength, endurance, endurance, flexibility, and body composition. 

NASM OPT Method for Different Goals

The NASM OPT Model provides a systematic approach to training that can be tailored to different goals, whether you want to improve muscular strength, increase cardiovascular endurance, or enhance athletic performance. Iโ€™ve used the OPT method with clients of all types to great success. 

Make sure to improve flexibility and mobility with your clientele to prevent injuries and enhance performance in daily activities. 

Additionally, fitness professionals should emphasize the importance of proper nutrition and recovery techniques to support the body’s ability to adapt and recover from the increased training intensity. 

Nutrition is one of the key components in any fitness goal and without it, your clients wonโ€™t make the proper physique or health changes theyโ€™re looking for. For this reason, Iโ€™d recommend looking at a nutrition certification in addition to personal training. NASM has their Certified Nutrition Coach, but of course there are other options available from the likes of ISSA, Precision Nutrition, and NCSF

Fat Loss

Because fat loss is not dependent on pure strength or power production, this periodization model can just move through Phases 1-3. 

Cardio can be done on the same days as weight training or separately, but needs to be a part of the routine to maximize calorie deficit. In addition, the NASM OPT Model emphasizes the importance of flexibility and mobility exercises to enhance overall movement and prevent injuries. By including these components in a workout routine, individuals can achieve optimal results in their fitness journey. 

The NASM Weight Loss Specialist will give you the most details about how to cardio as part of a complete program for fat loss. 

Muscle Gain

Again, you can eliminate the final power phase in the OPT model and just move through Phases 1-4. 

Only need to cycle through the stabilization preparatory phase once.

If you want to really specialize in working with bodybuilders and clients who are very hypertrophy-focused, the NASM Physique and Bodybuilding Coach specialization goes into the most detail about things like contest prep and peak weeks. 

Athletes

In this version of the OPT training model, you should go through all phases of training, from stabilization all the way through power. In some rare cases where athletes donโ€™t need to gain any muscle, you may take out the Hypertrophy block. Also, you only need to go through the stabilization phase after a long deload, so maybe once per year. After that, you may move through Phases 2-5 as needed.

NASM Workout Template

Each workout in NASMโ€™s OPT model includes 6 aspects:

  1. Warm-up
  2. Activation/Core and Balance
  3. Skill Development/Plyometric and SAQ
  4. Resistance Training
  5. Clientโ€™s Choice
  6. Cooldown

Warm-up

NASM warm-ups should be approached in a structured manner and with a specific goal in mind. Every personal trainer should consider the content of the workout and prepare their client’s body for what you aim to achieve that day using flexibility training and cardiorespiratory exercises.

NASM recommends using static stretching exclusively to target tissues identified as overactive during the assessment process.

The cardiorespiratory portion of a warm-up lasts for 5 to 10 minutes. Its main objective is to elevate heart and respiration rates, increase tissue temperature, and mentally ready the individual for higher training intensities. 

Activation/Core and Balance

The second section of every workout includes core and balance exercises which continue what was done in the warm-up. Here you strengthen underactive muscles to prepare the body for exercise and aid in restoring optimal joint alignment, stability, stability, and control. Recruitment can be a part of this section as well. 

Skill Development/Plyometric and SAQ

The skill development portion of the workout uses plyometric and speed, agility, and quickness exercises to improve agility and athleticism. You may also use this time to work on skill drills while the client is still fresh. Plyometrics can be added here as well.

Resistance Training

This section is the main portion of the workout and includes exercises which will strengthen the joints, muscles, and improve overall power, and increase muscle mass. 

Clientโ€™s Choice

Iโ€™ve found it helpful to have sections of the workout that clients look forward to. NASM recommends including one or two exercises in the workout that the client wants to work on. 

It’s always good to consider what exercises your client likes doing to improve overall adherence to the training program. This section may include exercises that someone wants to do for aesthetic reasons, like curls, calf raises, or maybe bench press.

Iโ€™ve also used this section to add in some cardio for clients who like running or biking. 

Cooldown

The cooldown lowers the body temperature and returns the client back to a resting state. Low intensity cardiorespiratory exercise is one option or perhaps a less intense exercise.

After this, you can include static stretches and myofascial release techniques to reduce muscle soreness and increase recovery post-workout. 

NASM OPT Model workout template with complete steps for an OPT training program

NASM OPT Model Conclusion

OPT model page from NASM textbook

One of the benefits of being a personal trainer is getting to work with clients towards achieving fulfilling long term goals. A long term plan will lead to success and a successful personal training career after other clients hear about how you helped their friends get to their goals safely and effectively. 

In conclusion, the NASM OPT Model serves as a comprehensive framework for designing effective and tailored exercise programs that prioritize both performance enhancement and injury prevention. 

By integrating flexibility and recovery strategies, such as static stretches and myofascial release techniques, individuals can improve their overall flexibility and mobility, reducing their risk of injury during physical activity. Additionally, I will incorporate corrective exercise techniques into the program to help address any muscular imbalances or movement dysfunctions, further enhancing injury prevention efforts.

The NASM OPT model emphasizes the importance of progression and periodization, allowing individuals to continually challenge their bodies and maximize their results. By incorporating these principles into their training, individuals can optimize their physical performance and achieve their fitness goals. 

NASM OPT Model Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How do I progress through each phase of the NASM OPT Model?

To progress through the NASM OPT Model: Start with the Stabilization Phase, enhancing muscular endurance and stability. Next, advance to the Strength Phase, lifting heavier weights for muscle growth. Finally, transition to the Power Phase, emphasizing explosive movements to boost speed and power.

Can the NASM OPT Model be used in group fitness settings?

The NASM OPT Model can be adapted for group fitness with minor adjustments. By selecting proper exercises, setting appropriate intensity levels, and using effective progression strategies, fitness professionals can optimize group workouts and enhance participant performance and results.

How does nutrition play a role in the NASM OPT Model?

Nutrition is vital in the NASM OPT Model, supporting energy, muscle growth, and recovery. A balanced diet with macronutrients (carbs, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) enhances physical performance, improves body composition, and prevents deficiencies.

What is an appropriate tempo for phase 1 of the OPT model?

The appropriate tempo for phase 1 of the OPT model, Stabilization Endurance, is 4/2/1 (4 seconds eccentric, 2 seconds isometric, 1 second concentric). This tempo enhances neuromuscular efficiency and stability, preparing the body for more intense phases.

Which rep scheme would be the most ideal to achieve maximal strength?

To achieve maximal strength, use a training scheme with 4-6 sets of 1-5 repetitions at 85-100% of 1RM, with 3-5 minutes of rest between sets. This approach maximizes muscle force production and overall strength.

What are the three levels of the OPT model?

The three levels of the OPT model are Stabilization, Strength, and Power. Stabilization focuses on muscular endurance and stability, Strength enhances muscular growth and endurance, and Power increases neuromuscular efficiency and overall performance.

Which phase of the OPT model introduces lifting near-maximal loads?

Phase 4, Maximum Strength, of the OPT model introduces lifting near-maximal loads. This phase focuses on increasing the peak force production of muscles by using high-intensity resistance training (85-100% of 1RM).

Which term does phase 5 represent in the OPT model?

Phase 5 of the OPT model is also known as the Power phase. This phase emphasizes explosive strength and high-velocity training to improve overall athletic performance.

Which phase of the OPT model includes reactive training?

Phase 5, Power, of the OPT model includes reactive training. This phase focuses on developing explosive power through high-velocity movements, combining strength and speed to improve overall athletic performance.

What is the main goal of phase 1 in the OPT model?

The main goal of phase 1, Stabilization Endurance, is to enhance muscular endurance and stability while developing optimal neuromuscular efficiency. This phase prepares the body for higher-intensity training and reduces injury risk.

Which phase of the OPT model focuses on maximal strength?

Phase 4, Maximum Strength, focuses on maximal strength. This phase aims to increase the peak force production of muscles by using high-intensity resistance training (85-100% of 1RM) and long rest periods (3-5 minutes).

ย Which phase of the OPT model emphasizes high-velocity training?

Phase 5, Power, emphasizes high-velocity training. This phase combines strength and speed exercises to improve explosive power, enhance athletic performance, and increase neuromuscular efficiency.

What type of training is utilized in phase 2 of the OPT model?

Phase 2, Strength Endurance, utilizes supersets of strength and stabilization exercises. This phase improves muscular endurance and joint stability, enhancing overall strength and coordination.

What are the goals of phase 1 of the OPT model?

The goals of phase 1, Stabilization Endurance, include improving muscular endurance, enhancing joint stability, increasing flexibility, and improving overall neuromuscular efficiency. This phase prepares the body for more demanding training.

ย What is the recommended rest interval for phase 3 of the OPT model?

The recommended rest interval for phase 3, Hypertrophy, of the OPT model is 0-60 seconds between sets. This short rest period helps to maximize muscle growth and metabolic stress.

How many phases are there in the NASM OPT model?

There are five phases in the NASM OPT model: Stabilization Endurance, Strength Endurance, Hypertrophy, Maximum Strength, and Power. Each phase has specific goals and training techniques to enhance overall fitness.

ย What is the OPT model in personal training?

The OPT (Optimum Performance Training) model is a systematic, evidence-based approach to fitness developed by NASM. It includes five phases: Stabilization Endurance, Strength Endurance, Hypertrophy, Maximum Strength, and Power, each designed to optimize physical performance and prevent injuries.

How does the OPT model improve performance?

The OPT model improves performance by progressing through five phases: Stabilization Endurance, Strength Endurance, Hypertrophy, Maximum Strength, and Power. This structured approach enhances stability, strength, and power, leading to optimal athletic performance and injury prevention.

Which phase of the OPT model focuses on hypertrophy?

Phase 3, Hypertrophy, focuses on hypertrophy. This phase aims to increase muscle size through moderate to high rep ranges (6-12 reps) with moderate to high intensity (75-85% of 1RM) and short rest periods (0-60 seconds).

Which phase of the OPT model emphasizes heavy lifting?

Phase 4, Maximum Strength, emphasizes heavy lifting. This phase involves lifting near-maximal loads (85-100% of 1RM) with long rest periods (3-5 minutes) to increase the peak force production of muscles.

What is the primary focus of phase 2 in the OPT model?

The primary focus of phase 2, Strength Endurance, is to enhance muscular endurance and joint stabilization. This phase uses supersets combining strength and stabilization exercises to improve overall muscular strength and stability.

Which phase of the OPT model targets explosive power?

Phase 5, Power, targets explosive power. This phase combines strength exercises with high-velocity movements to enhance the rate of force production and improve overall athletic performance.

How many levels are in the OPT model?

The OPT model has three levels: Stabilization, Strength, and Power. Each level comprises specific phases that address different aspects of fitness to optimize physical performance and reduce injury risk.

What is the main purpose of the OPT model?

The main purpose of the OPT model is to provide a systematic, evidence-based training program that enhances physical performance, reduces injury risk, and improves overall fitness through progressive phases targeting stability, strength, and power.

What does the OPT model stand for?

The OPT model stands for Optimum Performance Training. Developed by NASM, it is a comprehensive, systematic approach to fitness that includes five phases: Stabilization Endurance, Strength Endurance, Hypertrophy, Maximum Strength, and Power.

Which phase of the OPT model focuses on joint stability?

Phase 1, Stabilization Endurance, focuses on joint stability. This phase aims to improve neuromuscular efficiency and stability through low-intensity, high-repetition training with a 4/2/1 tempo, preparing the body for more intense training.

Which OPT model phase aims to enhance muscular endurance?

Phase 2, Strength Endurance, aims to enhance muscular endurance. This phase uses supersets of strength and stabilization exercises to improve endurance, joint stability, and overall muscular strength.

What is the focus of the Strength Endurance phase in the OPT model?

The focus of the Strength Endurance phase (Phase 2) in the OPT model is to improve muscular endurance and stabilization. This is achieved through supersets combining strength and stabilization exercises, enhancing overall strength and coordination.

How does the OPT model enhance athletic performance?

The OPT model enhances athletic performance through a systematic progression of five phases: Stabilization Endurance, Strength Endurance, Hypertrophy, Maximum Strength, and Power. Each phase targets specific fitness components, leading to improved stability, strength, and explosive power.

Which OPT model phase is designed to increase muscle size?

Phase 3, Hypertrophy, is designed to increase muscle size. This phase uses moderate to high rep ranges (6-12 reps), moderate to high intensity (75-85% of 1RM), and short rest periods (0-60 seconds) to maximize muscle growth.

References

  1. Clark, M. A., Lucett, S. C., Mcgill, E., Montel, I., & Sutton, B. (2018). NASM essentials of personal fitness training. Burlington Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  2. Schoenfeld, B., & Snarr, R. L. (2022). NSCAโ€™s Essentials of Personal Training. Human Kinetics. 
Tyler Read - Certified Personal Trainer with PTPioneer

Tyler Read


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