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If you are unsure which nutrition certification is right for you, I recommend that you take the quiz or check out my article on the top nutrition certifications. This is especially true because the FNS is slightly out of date.

NASM FNS Chapter 12 - Water and Major Minerals 6
NASM FNS Chapter 12 - Water and Major Minerals 7

Important definitions to memorize forย chapter 12 of the NASM FNS

Aldosterone ~ Aย endocrine steroid hormoneย secreted from the adrenal glands that act on the kidneysย to controlย homeostatic electrolyte concentrationย and water balance. It raisesย normal blood pressureย by promoting the retention ofย sodium (salt)ย (andย thereforeย water) and the excretion ofย potassium ions

Renin ~ย anย enzyme catalystย madeย by theย kidney that affectsย blood pressureย by catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Anions ~ Ions that carry a negative electric charge

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) ~ A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts to increase blood pressure and prevents fluid excretion by the kidneys. additionally known as vasopressin

Calmodulin ~ A calcium-binding protein that regulates a range of cellular activities, like cellular division and proliferation

Cations ~ Ions that carry a positive electrical charge

Ciliary Action ~ wavelike motion of tiny capillary-like projections on some cells

Electrolytes ~ Substances that dissociate into charged particles (ions) when dissolved in water or other solvents and therefore become capable of conducting an electrical current. The terms electrolyte and ion are generally used interchangeably

Fibrin ~ A stringy, insoluble protein that is the ultimate product of the blood-clotting process

Heatย capacityย ~ Of energyย neededย to raiseย the temperature of a substanceย one-degree Celsius

Hydrogen Bonds ~ Noncovalent bonds between hydrogen and an atom, usually oxygen, in another molecule

Hypercalcemia ~ Abnormally high concentrations of calcium within the blood

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Hypercellular obesity ~ obesity because of an above-average number of fat cells

Hypercholesterolemia ~ The presence of greater than normal amounts of sterol within the blood

Hyperglycemia ~ Abnormally high concentrations of glucose within the blood

Hyperkalemia ~ Abnormally high potassium concentrations within the blood

Hyperkeratosis ~ Excessive accumulation of theย proteinย keratinย that produces rough andย bumpyย skin,ย most ordinarilyย affectingย the palms and soles,ย alsoย as flexure areas (elbows, knees, wrists, ankles). Itย willย affectย wetย epithelialย tissues and impair their ability to secreteย mucus.ย additionallyย known asย hyperkeratinization

Hypermagnesemia ~ an abnormally high concentration of magnesium within the blood

Hypernatremia ~ Abnormally high sodium concentrations within the blood because of increased renal retention of sodium or rapid intake of large amounts of salt

Hyperparathyroidism ~ Excessive secretion ofย parathyroid hormoneย thatย altersย calciumย metabolism

Hyperphosphatemia ~ Abnormally high phosphate concentration within the blood

Hyperplastic obesity (Hyperplasia) ~ obesity due to a rise in both the size and number of fat cells

Hypocalcemia ~ A deficiency of calcium within the blood

Hypoglycemia ~ Abnormally low concentration of glucose within the blood; any blood glucose value below forty to fifty mg/dL of blood

Hypogonadism ~ attenuated functional activity of the gonads (ovaries or testes) with retardation of growth and sexual development

Hypokalemia ~ Inadequate levels of potassium within the blood

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Most Popular Cert
ISSA - Most Popular Online Personal Trainer Certification 3 Certs for
Best Study Materials
TA - Trainer Academy - Best Study Materials for Personal Trainer Certification Online - See MVP discount
A Good Option
ACE Certification- A Good Fitness Course Online Option - 25&percnt off
A Good Option
NCSF Certification - A Good Option - Save 25%
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Hypomagnesemia ~ an abnormally low concentration of magnesium within the blood

Hyponatremia ~ Abnormally low sodium concentrations within the blood because of excessive excretion of sodium (by the kidney), prolonged regurgitation, or diarrhea

Hypophosphatemia ~ Abnormally low phosphate concentration within the blood

Hypothalamus ~ a section of the brain involved in the regulation of hunger and satiation, respiration, body temperature, water balance, and other body functions

Hypotheses ~ Scientists’ “educated guesses” to elucidate phenomena

Hypothyroidism ~ The results of a lowered level of circulating thyroid hormone, with attenuation of mental and physical functions

Insensible Water Loss ~ The continual loss of body water by evaporation from the tract and diffusion through the skin

Ions ~ Atoms or teams of atoms with an electrical charge resulting from the loss or gain of 1 or additional electrons

Major Mineral ~ a significant mineral is needed in the diet and is typically present within the body in massive amounts compared with trace minerals

Trace Minerals ~ Trace minerals areย presentย within theย body andย are neededย in theย diet inย comparativelyย smallย amounts compared with major minerals.ย additionallyย referred to as microminerals

Macrominerals ~ Major minerals needed in the diet and present within the body in massive amounts compared with trace minerals

Metabolic Alkalosis ~ an abnormal hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of body fluids, typically caused by very significant loss of acid from the body or accrued levels of hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

Osmolarity ~ The concentration of dissolved particles (e.g., electrolytes) in a solution expressed per unit of volume

Osmoreceptors ~ Neurons within the hypothalamus that discover changes within the fluid concentration in blood and regulate the discharge of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone -ADH)

Osmosis ~ The movement of a solvent,ย likeย water, through aย semipermeable cell membraneย from the low-solute to the high-soluteย solutionย unit; the concentrations onย each sideย of the membrane are equal

Osmotic Pressure ~ The pressure exerted on a semipermeable cell membrane by a solvent, typically water, moving from the facet of high-solute concentration

Oxalate (Oxalic Acid) ~ an organic acid in some foliaceous green vegetables, like spinach, that brings to calcium to create calcium oxalate, an insoluble compound the body cannot absorb

Oxaloacetate ~ A four-carbon intermediate compound in the TCA cycle. acyl CoA combines with free oxalacetate in mitochondria, forming citric acid and starting the cycle

Phosphorylation ~ The addition of phosphate toย anย organic (carbon-containing) compound.ย oxidative phosphorylationย is theย formation of high-energy phosphate bonds (ADP+Pi ร† ATP) from the energyย dischargedย byย the oxidizationย of energy-yielding nutrients

Phytate (Phytic Acid) ~ A phosphorus-containing compound within the outer husks of cereal grains that binds with minerals and inhibits their absorption

Plasma ~ The fluid portion of the blood that contains blood cells and other parts

Renin ~ย anย enzyme catalystย madeย by theย kidney that affectsย blood pressureย by catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Salts ~ Compounds that result from the replacement of the hydrogen of an acid with a metal or a group that acts sort of like a metal

Semipermeable Membrane ~ Membraneย that permitsย passage of some substances;ย however, itย blocks others

Sodium-Potassium Pumps ~ Mechanisms that pump sodium ions out of a cell, permitting potassium ions to enter the cell

Solutes ~ Substances that are dissolved in a solvent

Vasoconstrictor ~ A substance that causes blood vessels to constrict

vasopressin ~ Aย proteinย hormoneย secreted by theย anterior pituitary gland. Itย acts to increaseย blood pressureย and prevents fluid excretion by the kidneys.ย Additionallyย known asย vasopressin

NASM FNS Chapter 12 - Water and Major Minerals 8
NASM FNS Chapter 12 - Water and Major Minerals 9
NASM FNS Chapter 12 - Water and Major Minerals 10
Tyler Read - Certified Personal Trainer with PTPioneer

Tyler Read


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